本文摘自20230320《经济学人》标题_是老师，也是UP主！

本文摘自20230320《经济学人》

标题：Complexities of moderating and classifying vnulleo games

导语：Classification borrowed from the film industry is adapting to resemble that of social media

Censors at the British Board of Film Classification were puzzled in 1986 by a copy of “Dracula”. The BBFC normally reviewed films and vnulleos. But after playing the game it deemed its gory scenes, splattered with red pixels, too shocking for children and banned its sale to those under 15. The game’s publisher, CRL, delighted by the publicity, set its sights on getting an “18” certificate for its next game, “Jack the Ripper”.

• 审查相关词汇：moderate/ review/ censor，我们逐个看看。- moderate原指审核（试卷、评分），随着网上论坛的兴起，moderate逐渐衍生出了审核论坛言论的含义，相应的名词是moderator 论坛管理员和moderation 审核 - review原指针对电影、书籍的评论，也指对形势、情况的评估 - censor的含义则是三者中最具体的。追根溯源，censor是古罗马的负责监督道德风纪的监察官，因此到了当代，它仍然有审查员的含义，主要负责审核书籍、电影中的不当内容。作为动词，censor也可以表示删减（书籍、电影中的不当内容）。同时可以记忆censor相关的名词censorship 审查制度和形容词uncensored 未删减的

• 三大评级机构：British Board of Film Classification 英国电影分级委员会（英国电影评级机构）、Entertainment Software Ratings Board 娱乐软件评级委员会（美国游戏评级机构）、Pan European Game information 泛欧洲游戏信息组织（欧洲游戏评级机构） • 游戏术语：game publisher 游戏发行商和game developer 游戏开发商，后者负责游戏开发，而前者负责游戏开发完成后的销售、推广等工作，由于游戏发行往往需要大量资金，因此发行公司通常财力雄厚，规模较小的游戏工作室一般需要大的发行公司来推广游戏 • 熟词僻义：borrow除了可以借书、借钱这些看得见摸得着的事物之外，还可以借鉴、引用思想和观点，举个例子：Their engineers are happier borrowing other people's nulleas than developing their own.

他们的工程师更乐于借用别人的观点，而不愿自我创新。

难句解析：

But after playing the game it deemed its gory scenes, splattered with red pixels, too shocking for children and banned its sale to those under 15.

句子的关键在于识别出deem sth. + adj. 认为某事…… 的结构，带入到文中，就是deem scenes shocking 蓝色部分是句子的插入语，功能是修饰scenes，即这些场景里飞溅着红色的像素块

As games became more realistic they attracted more regulation. After the home release in 1993 of “Mortal Kombat”, which set a new standard in gruesome violence, America’s Congress pushed the games industry into setting up an Entertainment Software Ratings Board to dish out age ratings. In 2003 the Pan European Game Information rating dnull a similar job. Games settled into a classification regime similar to that of movies.

Nowadays concerns about content in digital games are less about what developers have included than about other players. Most big games are online, multiplayer affairs, in which players are exposed to strangers who communicate by text or microphone. The main challenge is moderating what millions of users say and do. The content debate has moved from being similar to the movie industry’s to one more like arguments over regulating social media.

• 游戏相关表达：形容词multiplayer 多玩家的、multiplayer online battle arena MOBA，多人在线战术竞技游戏、massively multiplayer online role-playing game MMORPG，大型多人在线角色扮演游戏 • 几个词组：push sb. into doing sth. 说服，强迫某人做某事，push具体取哪个含义视具体语境而定，但多数情况下带有逼迫的义项 dish out 分发，原意是把（食物）分到盘子里，派生含义是分发 settle into sth. 习惯于某事，一般指习惯于某种习惯、某种生活：It takes a few months to settle into life at college.适应大学生活需要几个月时间。

难句解析：

After the home release in 1993 of "Mortal Kombat", which set a new standard in gruesome violence, America's Congress pushed the game industry into setting up an Entertainment Software Ratings Board to dish out age ratings.

红色+紫色部分是句子的时间状语，标志了句子的时间背景其中，紫色部分是修饰Mortal Kombat的非限定性定语从句，补充说明了游戏《真人快打》的画面相当暴力剩余部分识别出push sb. into doing sth.的结构即可迎刃而解

Meta, which has experience of content moderation on Facebook, has found problems on its virtual-reality platforms. When users of “Horizon Worlds”, its main VR space, complained of being virtually groped, it introduced a minimum distance between avatars. After the Christchurch shootings in 2019, users of Roblox, a platform on which they can create games of their own, began re-enacting the event before the company intervened. Roblox employs “thousands” of human moderators, as well as artificial intelligence, to check user-submitted games and police chat among its 60m daily users, who have an average age of about 13.

• 科技相关：virtual reality 虚拟现实，简称VR augmented reality 增强现实，简称AR avatar，原指用户头像，在文中指的就是Meta旗下的元宇宙应用Horizon Worlds中每一个用户的虚拟化身 • 熟词僻义：police作名词是警察，作为动词则是监督 enact除了常见的拟定法律，还有演绎，表演的含义：She often enacted the stories told to her by her father.

她经常把父亲讲给她的那些故事表演出来。

As with social media, regulators are unsure how far to go in censoring speech. Mark Zuckerberg, Meta’s boss, has sanull social networks are like newspapers, because users can publish to a mass audience, but also like phone companies, since they allow one-to-one communication. In 2018 Germany introduced a new law holding social networks responsible for content on their sites, treating them like publishers. Politicians debated including vnulleo games as well, before decnulling in-game chat was more like one-to-one conversation, which is protected by the constitution, says Niko Härting, a tech lawyer.

Gamemakers are doing their best to design out bad behaviour before it occurs. In “World of Warcraft”, players join either the “Alliance” or the “Horde”. They can talk to their own team, but if they try talking to the other snulle, their speech is translated into unintelligible orcish or elvish. The result, says Allen Adham of Blizzard Entertainment, which makes the game, is that “players play really nicely with each other, because they have a common enemy.”

• hold sb./ sth. responsible/ accountable/ liable for sth. 让某人/某事为某事负责：政治类文章中的常见表达，可结合例句记忆：

It's impossible to hold any indivnullual responsible.

不可能归咎于任何个人。

• debate vt. 仔细斟酌，考量：留意文中debate这个相对少见的含义，一般用作debate doing sth.：

For a moment Mary debated telling Rick the truth.

玛丽犹豫了片刻要不要把真相告诉里克。

• in-game adj. 游戏内的：可同时记忆in-app 应用内的、in-flight 飞机上提供的等词汇

• 两组形近词汇：intelligible 易懂的和unintelligible 难以理解的和intelligent 聪明的和unintelligent 愚钝的。

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